“Retail politics” refers to a choice of political campaigning where candidates focus on direct, personal engagement with individual voters rather than relying on mass media or large campaign events

A government shutdown occurs when Congress fails to pass, or the President refuses to sign, funding legislation for federal agencies. Without this authorization, many government operations stop: essential services like the military and air traffic control continue, but non-essential services such as national parks and many federal offices are suspended.

For the purposes of this debate, a climate apocalypse refers to a series of environmental catastrophes leading to the collapse of human civilization. These catastrophes are primarily the result of human activities e.g. extreme weather and the dramatic rise of sea level due to climate change.

A countercyclical global insurance fund is a system where countries pay in a pooled global fund during economic growths while the global fund injects money in countries experiencing economic recessions. In SQ, nations mainly rely on Bretton-Woods Institutions such as IMF and World Bank for loans.

The Sport Ethic is a concept developed by sociologists to describe phenomena of behaviors around sports. The four rules of the sport ethic emphasizes on putting the game first, always aiming for wins, taking risks and playing through discomfort, and embracing that there are no barriers in the way to success - all of which revolves around total commitment to the game.

<div><font color="#000412" face="gg sans, Noto Sans, Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif"><span style="white-space-collapse: break-spaces;"><div style="">The Western biomedical validation framework includes pre-clinical and clinical methods such as laboratory assays, phytochemical and toxicity testing, animal studies, pharmacological profiling, and randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in humans.&nbsp;</div><div style="">Participatory ethnopharmacology is a framework for validating herbal plants with medicinal potential that documents how plants are prepared and used in communities, records healer and patient testimonies, and tracks health outcomes over time. In this framework, indigenous knowledge and community experience sit on equal footing with pharmacological testing, meaning that longstanding use and cultural validation can serve as sufficient evidence of safety and efficacy even without completing the full Western biomedical pipeline.</div></span></font></div>

In Iran, both trans men and trans women can obtain legal recognition only through a state-controlled and deeply invasive process that mandates psychiatric evaluation, court approval, and gender-affirming surgery—often involving sterilization. While the government may subsidize some of these procedures and recognized individuals receive updated documents and face less police harassment, the system reflects a long-standing institutional approach that treats trans identity within a medicalized and corrective framework.